Interruption Interception Modification And Fabrication Attacks Computer Science Essay

Interference Interception Modification And Fabrication Attacks Computer Science Essay The correspondence has been assuming a significant job since the beginning of human advancement. It has become an essential piece of presence in the social orders which are exceptionally organized where we live in. A couple of kinds of correspondence types have been created during the prior phase of human progress which brought about developing numerous sorts of interchanges till today. The correspondence through the web is the best instances of the most recent correspondence types.There are various sorts of interchanges winning in our everyday life, for example, Radio correspondence, Mobile correspondence, Telephonic correspondence and Network correspondence. Every correspondence type has its own significance yet the correspondence over a system has been for the most part executed in our life and has been advanced as the most remarkable and profoundly created specialized strategies. The system specialized technique has made an incredible effect on lives of people. So as this strateg y is step by step creating and being utilized by numerous people and associations, such development in the innovation has brought about the security issues, for example, dangers or malignant assaults to the people and associations. So there is a need to experience these dangers and assaults which brought about the presentation and improvement of various components for offering various types of assistance and CRYPTOGRAPHY is one of the systems which is for the most part utilized in the system correspondence. Sorts OF SECURITY ATTACKS: There are various sorts of security assaults which influence the correspondence procedure in the system and they are as per the following Interference: This sort of assault is because of the check of any sort during the correspondence procedure between at least one frameworks. So the frameworks which are utilized gotten unusable after this assault by the unapproved clients which brings about the wastage of frameworks. Capture attempt: The wonder of secrecy assumes a significant job in this kind of assault. The information or message which is sent by the sender is caught by an unapproved person where the message will be changed to the diverse structure or it will be utilized by the person for his noxious procedure. So the privacy of the message is lost in this kind of assault. Adjustment: As the name shows the message which is sent by the sender is altered and sent to the goal by an unapproved client. The honesty of the message is lost by this sort of assault. The beneficiary can't get the specific message which is sent by the source which brings about the horrible showing of the system. Manufacture: In this kind of assault a phony message is embedded into the system by an unapproved client as though it is a substantial client. This outcomes in the loss of classification, legitimacy and respectability of the message. CRYPTOGRAPHY: DEFINITION: The word cryptography is the study of making sure about data by various procedures, for example, encryption and decoding. The word cryptography is gotten from the Greek word Kryptos which means covered up and graphia implies composing, so absolutely it implies concealed composition. Cryptology and Cryptanalysis are firmly identified with Cryptography. Cryptanalysis is the way toward breaking the figures and coded without utilizing a key and though the cryptology is the mix of both cryptanalysis and cryptography. During the time spent cryptography the information which is to be transmitted and gotten is enciphered by various keys with the goal that it can't be comprehend by the unapproved clients. Be that as it may, just the sender and beneficiary can have the option to comprehend this information. HISTORY: The idea of cryptography was started in 2000 B.C. in Egypt where the Egyptians rehearsed hieroglyphics where it is utilized to uncover the narrative of the dead individuals by enlivening their burial places and this procedure was polished so as to make them to see increasingly stately, great and respectable yet not to shroud the message themselves. In any case, later numerous encryption strategies have advanced for appear into handy applications so as to conceal the data from others. The historical backdrop of cryptography was exceptionally intriguing and numerous progressions have been experienced through numerous hundreds of years. During the times of progress the significant issue was the upkeep of mystery because of the various reasons by people or gatherings and this mystery support helps the people or gatherings to increase a serious edge, the genuine goals of every individual can be covered up and furthermore the shortcoming can be decreased. The developments or advan ce in the innovation has brought about the progressions in cryptographic history. The procedure of cryptography has started by forming the message on wood or stone and afterward it is sent to the individual who must be gotten and it is deciphered to the first content by various procedure. Yet, the improvement of cryptography has experienced numerous progressions from cutting the message on wood to the surge of double codes. These floods of paired codes are transmitted over system wires, wireless transmissions and so on previously yet now these twofold codes are sent as 0s and 1s through web links or open wireless transmissions. These parcels are scrambled so they are not upset by the unapproved clients. The Egyptians have begun the procedure of cryptography by supplanting the first message with the diverse message with the assistance of figure and this procedure is known as replacement figure where each letter in the message to be sent is replaces with the distinctive letter so unap proved can't comprehend. This message is again retransformed to the first structure by the beneficiary. For instance the sentence or message STAFFORDSHIRE UNIVERSITY (Plain content) is changed to TUBGGPSETIKSF VOJWFSTJUZ (Encrypted text or figure text) where each letter is replaces with the previous letter so nobody can comprehend. Antiquated METHODS OF CRYPTOGRAPHY: During the antiquated occasions there were diverse cryptographic strategies which have been executed for making sure about the information securely with the goal that it can't be gotten to by an unapproved client. So the various techniques are as per the following Hebrew cryptographic strategy: This is one of the old strategies for cryptography where flipping of the letter sets happens so that the mapping of the each letter in the first letters in order and the flipped letters in order ought not coordinate each other that implies the relating letter in the first letters in order ought to be distinctive in the flipped letter set and this technique for encryption is known as atbash. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA For instance the scrambled type of the word Staffordshire University is hgzuuliwhsriv fmrevihrgb. Spartans strategy: This technique for cryptography was executed around 400 B.C. by the Spartans where they used to encode the message or data by utilizing a sheet of papyrus and a wooden stick or pole. The message which is to be sent is composed on the papyrus and it is injured around the stick or bar and this data can be known by the collector just when the message was injured around the right staff with the goal that the letters would appropriately coordinate. This procedure is known as scytale figure and when the paper is expelled from the stick or bar the message which was composed on the paper was simply found as the gathering of the arbitrary characters and this various pieces papyrus are sent to gathering of fighters by Greek government with the assistance of transporters. In the wake of accepting the papyrus the warriors at that point wound this papyrus around the stick or pole which is of equivalent measurement and length so the letters which are irregular match with the let ters with the subsequent bar and the message which is sent can be known. The troopers utilize this strategy for the data about the vital moves and military orders. Julius Caesar strategy: This is likewise one of the old techniques for cryptography where Caesar built up a technique where the letters of the word are moved by some number which is set. He built up this technique as a result of his non trustiness on his ambassadors. So he used to move the letters by the number 3, for example, the letter An is supplanted by letter D. So the person who knows the move by 3 guideline can just decode the message. Understudy (Plain message) VWXGHQW (encoded message) Idea: The fundamental idea of cryptography is the way toward making sure about the data by changing the first type of the content or message to the structure which can't be perused by the unapproved client. The message which is sent initially by the sender is known as plaintext which can be perused by everybody and the encryption strategy is applied to this plain content which brings about the development of figure text or scrambled content which can't be perused by an unapproved client. An encryption calculation is utilized to change over the plain content into figure text and again this figure text is retransformed into plain content by unscrambling calculation. This implies cryptography is the science which is utilized for securing the message or data by giving various ways and procedure so as to change over the message or data which can't be perused by anybody. The information or message is changed over so that the No entrance of information for an unapproved individual Data present in the information outlines is covered up Information verification is shaped The changing of the information is maintained a strategic distance from The message originator can't repudiate the information So the data which is transmitted on data and correspondence frameworks can be ensured or made sure about by the innovation known as cryptography. This innovation is applied in numerous fields, for example, fund, individual information, military etc.This innovation gives a methods for validation check of the information so the genuine guilty party can be gotten who interferes with the privacy and trustworthiness of the information. Various TERMS IN CRYPTOGRAPHY: Cryptography: The study of ensuring the message or information by utilizing various methods is known as cryptography. Cryptosystem: The procedure of encryption and unscrambling comes und

Sony corp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sony corp - Essay Example In spite of the fact that not all have been effective, Sony has suffered in the realm of high innovation. The organization had its beginnings by bringing a convenient AM radio inside the range everything being equal and has developed to include the territories of data innovation, advanced home gadgets, media content, and money related administrations. In light of Sony's various product offering, the organization has thought that it was helpful to have a promoting plan that sells its business items through channels just as immediate deals to the shopper. Sony basically offers its data innovation to organizations through its Solution Provider Center that was presented in 2006. Jay Dishong, VP of business-to-business deals expresses that the Center gives improved, duty, correspondence and administration levels to our wholesalers, arrangement suppliers and B2B end clients (Dishong). Mike Abary, VP of Vaio journal promoting states that , You can no longer purchase direct, in the event that you are a business. The transition to an all-channel model, he stated, was driven to a great extent by the better financial aspects of conveying to organizations by means of arrangement suppliers (Moltzen). Rather than Sony's Provider Center for B2B items, their customer items are advertised through direct deals by means of a web-based interface. The site, Sonystyle.com likewise records a cost free number that customers can call to put in a request. What's more, buyer items are made accessible through significant retail outlets (Sony Style). . Sony items are promoted under classifications that incorporate gadgets, music, games, motion pictures, segments, and monetary administrations. They sell home diversion hardware, the Play Station 2 computer game, Blu-beam DVD plates, and computerized cameras and camcorders. As a wide based home amusement supplier, they additionally own Sony Studios, which delivers and disseminates unique films and TV content (Sony Pictures). These items are focused on the purchaser showcase. Sony likewise advertises a line of broad media and data innovation that objectives organizations. These items incorporate VAIO items, open showcases, projectors, and optical stockpiling items (Abary). The Sony Semiconductor Group makes electronic segments to be utilized by OEM makers. Sony budgetary administrations incorporate banking, protection, and Mastercards. The center of Sony's business is the home hardware and data innovation, which represents 90 percent of their income (Business at a Glance). Sony's target has been, and stays, to be the pioneer in organized home hardware. By offering items that cooperate with one another they can organize a family unit through a typical amusement arrange. Sony's showcasing procedure has been to make a gathering of items that cooperate to convey media content in the home. That methodology depended on the prevalence of broadband and by the shaping of partnerships. The Play Station 2, and its DVD position Blu-beam, have been a key part of that technique. The improvement of the Play Station itself was helped by coalitions fashioned between equipment creators and game-programming designers; so were different advancements like the minimized plate, an aftereffect of a partnership with Phillips (Singh, Pangarkar, and Heracleous 99). Gaining from the unpleasant contention between the tape organizations of Betamax and VHS, Sony has used partnerships to advance the Blu-beam superior quality DVD design. Taking everything into account, Sony is essentially an

20 Must-Read Audiobooks Narrated by Black Women

20 Must-Read Audiobooks Narrated by Black Women Ive always thought of audiobooks as a collaboration between the author and the narrator(s). I dont mean to imply that authors deserve less credit for their work in audio form. But when it comes to audiobooks, I do think the narration is as important as the writing. Its magical, reallyâ€"when read out loud, books become a slightly different kind of art. So I pay a lot of attention to narrators. I like to think about whos narrating a story in the same way I think about whos telling it. Is the narration own voices? Does the narrator have some cultural or ethnic connection to the characters? Theres no one right answer to these questions. Audiobook narrators are a talented bunch of voice actors, many of whom beautifully, authentically and respectfully voice a staggering range of accents and dialects. Thinking about what a narrator does or doesnt bring to a book is just one part of a bigger conversation about racism, sexism, power, and privilege in the realm of books and publishing. In a world where straight white cisgender male is still the default everything, including the default voice, celebrating and honoring diverse narrators is important. This list is all about audiobooks narrated by Black women, but Rioters have also made great lists featuring Native, First Nations and Indigenous narrators and  own voices narrators from a variety of identities. There are hundreds and hundreds of incredible audiobooks narrated by Black women. This list is just the beginning. But these are some of the best audiobooks Ive ever encountered. These narrators bring something new to every book they narrate. Whether you like to listen to science fiction, historical fiction, memoir, or poetry, these are audiobooks you wont want to miss. YA Fiction Escaping Exodus by Nicky Drayden, read by Cherise Boothe and Adenrele Ojo Two brilliant narrators take this weird and wonderful sci-fi novel up a notch. Set in a future where humans live on giant space beasts that serve as ship, shelter, and fuel, it follows two young women from different backgrounds as they navigate the highly stratified world of their space-beast-turned-spaceship. Both narrators perfectly embody the protagonists, as well as bringing to life a range of side characters with unique and unforgettable voices. On the Come Up by Angie Thomas, read by Bahni Turpin If any book was written to be read aloud, its a book about hip-hop. All Bri wants is to be a famous rapper like her father. But its definitely not an easy road, especially not for a Black teenage girl. Bahni Turpin is absolutely brilliant in this. She carries the heart of the bookâ€"the power of rapâ€"in her voice. Its an unforgettable performance of a powerful novel. The Stars and the Blackness Between Them by Junauda Petrus, read by Junauda Petrus, Bahni Turpin, and JD Jackson Heartfelt, authentic, and emotional narration adds depth to this quiet love story. When her mother discovers her with another girl, she sends Audre from her home in Trinidad to live with her dad in Minneapolis. Thats where she meets Mabel, and the two girls form an immediate bond. This is a lovely, shimmering, slightly magical novel that celebrates blackness and friendship. Turpin and Petrus inhabit their characters with such force that I sometimes found myself holding my breath. The Poet X by Elizabeth Acevedo, read by Elizabeth Acevedo If a novel-in-verse read by the author isnt the stuff that superior audiobooks are made of, I dont know what is. Acevedo is clearly the only person who could do this book justice. Xiomara is a Dominican American teenager dealing with a whole lot of teenage issuesâ€"family relationships, identity, alienation. So she turns to slam poetry to figure herself out. Her words come alive in Acevedos voice; you can feel their power in your bones. The Diviners by Libba Bray, read by January LaVoy The sheer range of voices that LaVoyâ€"apparently effortlesslyâ€"inhabits in this audiobook is extraordinary. Set in a creepy, glittering, paranormal 1920s New York, this book follows Evie ONeill, newly arrived from Ohio, as she navigates the big city while trying to hide her supernatural powers. Evie befriends a slew of diverse teenagers, and LaVoy is up for the challenge of narrating from all their POVs. With so many accents and characters to keep track of, she never wavers, bringing them all to life with stunning clarity. Adult Fiction The Care and Feeding of Ravenously Hungry Girls by Anissa Gray, read by January LaVoy, Adenrele Ojo, Bahni Turpin, and Dominic Hoffman A quartet of talented narrators enlivens this complicated book about three sisters and their families. When the eldest sister and her husband are arrested, her two younger sisters are thrown together to deal with the consequences, as well as care for her teenage daughters. The story shifts between POVs, and the narrators are so good, their voices so distinct, that it feels like each of the sisters is speaking directly to to the reader. Queenie by Candice Carty-Williams, read by Shvorne Marks This book is a sharp, painful, sometimes funny, and unbearably honest dose of messy, real life twentysomething uncertainty. Queenie is a 25-year-old Jamaican British woman living in London, trying to determine who and what she wants, making a lot of bad decisions about sex and men, and dealing with endless racial microaggressions. Marks masterfully navigates British and Jamaican accents, and perfectly captures Queenies youthful angst as well as the very real trauma it sometimes masks. Red at the Bone by Jacqueline Woodson, read by Jacqueline Woodson, Bahni Turpin, Shayna Small, Quincy Tyler Bernstine, and Peter Francis James Four talented women (and one man), including the author, narrate this slim but powerful novel about three generations of a black family in Brooklyn. Weaving through time and point-of-view, Woodson explores the way story, trauma, and memory move through generations. The narrators, each voicing a different character, transport listeners to the Brooklyn neighborhood where much of the book takes place. Their voices are rich and varied, adding layers of feeling to this sparse and deeply felt novel. Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston, read by Ruby Dee Hurstons classic novel is remarkable in a hundred ways, but one of them is the prose: gorgeous writing that captures the truths of the time, place and characters in specific, memorable ways. Ruby Dee gives breath to the music in Hurstons words. Her performance is immersive and expansiveâ€"shes so good that it feels more like being inside the book than having someone read it to you. The Fifth Season by N.K. Jemisin, read by Robin Miles This is the book that made me fall in love with Robin Miles as a narrator. The story takes place in a world plagued with fifth seasonsâ€"erratic climatic events (earthquakes, volcanoes) that can disrupt civilization for years or generations. Its a brilliantly crafted story with incredibly complex characters; Jemisin weaves together three narratives in a stunning, unputdownable tapestry. There are few narrators I would trust with the nuance and intricacy of this book, and Miles is one of them. Her performance is flawless. Memoirs (Read by the Author) Becoming  by Michelle Obama Michelle Obamas memoir hardly needs an introductionâ€"she just won a Grammy for it. Its likely you already know what an incredible public speaker she is, and it shows in this audiobook. Shes forthright, emotional, warm, raw, funny. This is not a short listen, but I promise youll blow right through it. Her voice is that compelling. Redefining Realness  by Janet Mock Mocks beautiful and intersectional memoir about growing up trans in Honolulu is made even more powerful by her heartfelt narration. She speaks with a quiet power; her voice is sometimes raw and sometimes playful, but always full of a naked honesty thats a gift to the listener. Listening to her tell her own story, it is simply impossible not to be moved by it. When They Call You a Terrorist by Patrisse Khan-Cullors and Asha Bandele In this harrowing and vitally important memoir, the co-founder of Black Lives Matter writes about the profound ways that police brutality and a criminally racist justice system have devastated  her family, the experience of being a queer black woman in America, and her path to activism. The power of her words comes through in her voice, as she lays bare  stories of love and devastation, tenderness and atrocity, trauma and resilience. Year of Yes by Shonda Rhimes This isnt your typical self-help book or inspirational memoir. Its not at all prescriptive. Rhimes tells it like it is, for her: all the ways that saying yes (which sometimes means saying no) helped her build a life she loves. Shes aware of her privilege, and weaves it into the book, so that it never feels like the things shes talking about are unattainable for people who arent big TV producers. Her narration is stellar: funny, upbeat, warm, and engaging. Its like shes right there in your living room with you. Hunger by Roxane Gay This is a hard book to read. Its a book about trauma, about Gays experience with her body, with fatness, and with living in a world that despises and reviles unruly bodies. Its the most vulnerable and honest memoir Ive ever read; the truth-telling Gay does with her words is extraordinary. Listening to her read it makes it both harder to bear and more intensely intimate. Its a listening experience that will stay with you for life. Essay Collections (Read by the Author) Eloquent Rage by Brittney Cooper In this collection of brilliant essays, Cooper centers blackness, Black women, and Black feminism. She writes about the uses of rage, and the specific ways that black women use anger as a tool of powerful change. She delves deep into politics, friendship, interpersonal relationships, academia, and more. Listening to her read it out loud enhances the power of every word. This is a must-read for all feminists. We Are Never Meeting in Real Life by Samantha Irby You know youre in for a treat when a comedian reads their own audiobook. In this collection of smart and hilarious essays, Irby discusses everything from awkward sex, reality TV, and her weirdo cat to fatness, the various strange challenges of adulting, and traveling through the South as a Black queer woman. Shes funny, but she also cuts through all the mess right to the heart of whatever shes talking about. Her delivery is flawless. This Will Be My Undoing by Morgan Jerkins This book is a blend of intimate personal stories and rigorous analysis and critique. Jerkins writes with sharp honesty about pop culture and feminism, and then uses that same clear-eyed honesty as she recounts her experiences as a Black girl and young Black woman. Her voice is so alive and expressive; it adds layers of depth to the essays that make it hard to stop  listening. Poetry (Read by the Author) Duende by Tracy K. Smith Smiths poetry thrives in that tension that lives in beautiful writing about horrific things. The poems in this collection delve down into the roots of history, exploring both the personal and political sides of art, survival, geography. Smith reads them with the confidence and precision that only an author can give to their own work. It is easy to get lost on the tide of her voice, which is both intense and mesmerizing. But her careful delivery also adds meaning to the poems themselves; this is a book worth listening to more than once. Teaching My Mother How to Give Birth  by Warsan Shire This audiobook is only 30 minutes long, but it feels almost infinite in lengthâ€"Shires words are so compelling theyll go on echoing in your head and heart long after youve finished listening. These poems about immigration, trauma, home, and the complicated ways that humans make journeys come alive in Shires voice. She gives an emotional performance, and unlike some poetry thats read aloud, her phrasing is never forced or formal. Out loud, in her voice, the poems become their true selves: living, breathing creatures. Its an extraordinary 30 minutes. Looking for more great audiobooks narrated by Black women? Casey put together a stellar list. Weve also got a listening pathway for Bahni Turpin and a whole lot of content to help you find the best Robin Miles audiobooks. Sign up for Audiobooks to receive the latest from the audiobooks world. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Psychological Profile of a Killer - 1577 Words

During the last decade the world has witnessed a staggering elevation in serial killings. To give some insight into the scale of the problem posed by the serial killer, in the United States can be gained from examining the statistics for just one year. In 1989 (the last year for which detailed figures are available) there were 21,500 recorded homicides, of which some 5,000 are unsolved. Unofficial sources believe that as many as a hundred serial killers may be at large at any given time. Add to this the number of known victims of serial killers, then between 3,500 and 5,000 people are killed by serial murderers every year. (Lane and Gregg 3) These numerous multiple murders, often without consequence and justice, have shocked civilized†¦show more content†¦Visionaries include killers who act in response to voices and alter egos, where instructions received serve to justify and legitimize the act of murder. David Berkowitz better known as the Son Of Sam is an example of a visionary who claimed that his delusional persecutions by demons were responsible for the shootings and killings of his 17 victims. I am the demon from the bottomless pit here on earth to create havoc and terror. I am War, I am death. I am destruction (Elliot and Leyton 151)! Missionaries are comprised of killers with a self-imposed nature, which feel responsible for purifying society by expelling its undesirable components. Peter Sutcliffe better known as the Yorkshire Ripper justified his slaying of 20 women with a warped perception that any woman out after dark must be a prostitute and should be eliminated in order to clean-up the world. A hedonist, a complex category where pleasure is the reward for murder, contains three sub-types. The first sub-type, lust killers, is probably the largest sub-section of serial killers for whom sexual gratification is the primary motivation and whose crimes most frequently exhibit a considerable element of sadism. Two examples of lust killers are Jerry Brudos and Douglas Clark. Jerry Brudos kept the foot of one of his victims in the deep-freeze to periodically take out and dress up with his collection of black stiletto-heeled womens shoes. Douglas Clark kept a victims head, which he cleaned andShow MoreRelatedEssay about Issues In Psychological Profiling1329 Words   |  6 PagesIssues In Psychological Profiling Historically, crime and criminals have always caught the attention of law-abiding citizens. Whenever there is mention of serial killers or unsolved murders or abductions, psychological profiling, floats to the top of the list of concerns (Egger, 1999). 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Do College Athletes Deserve Pay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1178 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/05/30 Category Career Essay Level High school Tags: Should College Athletes Be Paid Essay Did you like this example? People tend to believe that college sports are just activities that provide athletes with recognition leading up to a higher and greater sports organization like the NBA, NFL, and so on. Many people do not see college sports as a job and therefore the participants should not be paid salaries or wages of any kind for what they do. College sports has surpassed what many believed it would or could become. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Do College Athletes Deserve Pay" essay for you Create order College sports has gained media attention, fans all over the nation and even created job opportunities for many. College athletes need financial rewards for their hard work and dedication to provide motivation to perform on their best performances always, athletes also deserve to earn wages because their colleges benefit financially from their athletic performances. College athletes can be motivated to play at their best performances through financial benefits. For a massive, multimillion-dollar organization like the NCAA, financial benefits can easily be provided. This could in turn create more interest in participating in college sports among students and parents worldwide. With help through finances, athletes gain assurance of zero to nothing financial struggles during their stay in college. According to Junior Scholastic writer, College athletes are just like all other hardworking Americans they should receive a fair dayrs pay for a fair dayrs work (Zissou). Many athletes have decided to spend most of their time in an activity that has proven to be unproductive, so why deprive athletes of a fair dayrs toil? Many athletes need as little money as possible and working without pay can make an athlete lose interest, perform badly and finally quit which could be a wonderful talent lost due to the stingy attitude of the organization. How unlawful w ould it be to lend a penny to an athlete in need? How hardhearted can an organization be to see a talented worker taken out of college because of funds an organization can provide for easily? A college organization needs to motivate their athletes by showing concern for their welfare in college. A newspaper editor stated that, student athletes are often unable to work part time jobs, because in addition to training and playing games, they are fulltime students who must earn passing grades to stay in school. A small salary for student athletes would help them live comfortably (Birkenes). In modern day colleges, all students face a common issue of time management. They find it necessary to manage the free time they have for academics, sports, part time jobs, and their social lives. College sports knockout one of the activities, which is part time jobs, but the students still need a source of income. Athletes who spend most of their time on sports need to rely on their hard work to guarantee a comfortable stay in college. By providing steady salaries and wages to the students, there would be a high increase in athleters performance during games. In addition, college athletes deserve to profit from the multimillion dollars they have worked hard to generate for their college and sport organization. Athletes in college deserve a percentage of the money they have worked so hard to obtain. The college sports industry has grown quite large in a period of years it has become a multimillion-entertainment industry for varieties of sports. College sports provide athletes with recognition all around the country and a chance at employment into a much larger organization but college sport organizations have failed to provide athletes with enough motivational power to work harder. Senior editor Krikor Meshefejian commented, According to an article in the Harvard Journal on Legislation, ?[I]n the past twelve years, the amount of money generated by these two sports [college basketball and football] has increased nearly 300% such that they now fund almost all other sports programs. Yet college athletes of all these sports do not earn a dime from the profits. It is unfair and unlawful for an institution to obtain major profits and give nothing but a ?good job to its athletes. College sports or ganizations like the NCAA, has grown to become a massive entertainment industry and a workplace for its working athletes. As a worker, working tireless hours a day and after the days of toil and sweat, find out your basic right has been walked on? What form of motivation does a worker have to remain in the unjust workplace? Why does the NCAA refuse to lend a dime out to millions to protect the rights of its workers? The NCAA as a business or corporation, preserve the rights of its athletes and provide accurate and efficient wages to its mistreated workers. A writer commented, My argument is that colleges should free athletes from the artificial rules that imprison them so they can enter the marketplace and earn some of the rewards (Byers). Colleges should allow the growing men and women have a marketplace experience or feel to prepare them for decisions they are sure to face in the future. Salaries for athletes could also be a real life learning experience for the growing an underdeveloped upcoming youth and a welcoming into the society they live in. Salaries could also play a huge role in helping athletes realize the struggles in obtaining money in their society. Wages could also be a seed sown into the future bank accounts of the athletes after his or her time in college. In addition, a clearly noted fact about college sports is the inability of every athlete around the country to fulfill their dream of playing for a larger organization. College organizations should encourage their athletes to acquire other life skills in case they do not make it. Athletes need to be enlightened on the unfortunate but true realities of the tightness of their chances to compete in a larger organization. In fact, Less than 2 percent of them will end up playing sports professionally, so they need to learn other skills (Gupta). Very small amounts of these ?rising stars actually rise and this could be worse in a different situation. Most college athletes gained admission into colleges due to sport scholarships acquired in high school and therefore tend to lose interest or doubt ability to succeed in other fields other than the sports they play. Athletes need daily motivation to acquire other skills in their limited college stay in order to provide a good future for them if they fail selection. Given these few facts, an efficient salary can go a long way in the present and future success of a college athlete. Works Cited Zissou, Rebecca. Fair play: should college athletes get paid? Junior Scholastic/Current Events, 9 Dec 2013.Web 25 Nov 2018. Birkenes, Adele, and Akash Bagaria. Pay to play: should college athletes be paid? Current Events, a Weekly Reader publication, 6 Feb. 2012.Web 25 Nov 2018. Gupta, Vardaan, and Mia Bennett. Should college athletes be paid? Scholastic News/Weekly Reader Edition 5/6, 2 Mar. 2015.Web 25 Nov 2018. Meshefejian, Krikor. Pay to Play: Should College Athletes Be Paid? Should College Athletes Be Paid?, edited by Geoff Griffin, Greenhaven Press, 2008.Web 25 Nov 2018. Byers, Walter. Hey, NCAA, can you spare a dime? The Sporting News, 13 Nov. 1995.Web 25 Nov 2018.

Behavior Therapy Basic Concepts, Assessment Methods, and Applications Free Essays

Behavior Therapy: Basic Concepts, Assessment Methods, and Applications. Different kinds of psychotherapies have existed throughout history, and have always been rooted in philosophical views of human nature (Wachtel P. , 1997). We will write a custom essay sample on Behavior Therapy: Basic Concepts, Assessment Methods, and Applications or any similar topic only for you Order Now Specifically, behavior therapy intents to help individuals overcome difficulties in nearly any aspect of human experience (Thorpe G. Olson S. , 1990). The techniques of behavior therapy have been applied to education, the workplace, consumer activities, and even sports, but behavior therapy in clinical settings is largely concerned with the assessment of mental health problems. In general, behavior therapy is a type of psychotherapy that aims on changing undesirable types of behavior. It engages in identifying objectionable, maladaptive behaviors and replacing them with healthier ones. . According to Rimm D. Masters J. (1974), the label â€Å"behavior therapy† comprises a large number of different techniques that make use of psychological-especially learning- principles to deal with maladaptive human behavior. Behavior therapy is a relative new kind of psychotherapy (Corsini R. Wedding D. , 2008). As a systematic approach, behavior therapy began in the 1950’s, in order to assess and treat psychological disorders. Behavior therapy was developed by a small group of psychologists and physicians who were not satisfied with the conventional techniques of psychotherapy (Thorpe G. et al, 1990). They linked behavior therapy to experimental psychology, differentiating it from other preexisting approaches. During behavior therapy’s first phase, the applied developed from principles of classical and operant conditioning. There are varying views about the best way to define behavior therapy. However, most health professionals agree to Eysenck’s definition: â€Å"Behavior therapy is the attempt to alter human behavior and emotions in a beneficial way according to the laws of modern learning theory†. Erwin E. (1978), instead of proposing a specific definition for behavior therapy, he referred to some basic and important characteristics that this therapy possesses. According to Erwin, behavior therapy is used largely to lessen human suffering or to improve human functioning. He pointed out that it is a psychological rather than a biological form of treatment. In the cases of phobias treatment, behavior therapy is usually applied to treat the symptoms directly. Moreover, behavior therapy is characteristically used to modify maladaptive behavior or to teach adaptive behavior. This means that the focus is on individuals’ behavior. In some cases, behavior therapy techniques may even be used to reduce unwanted mental states as in Davinson’s (1968) use of counterconditioning to reduce sadistic fantasy, simply because the mental state itself is unwanted (as stated in Erwin, 1978). Another basic characteristic of behavior therapy is that it is often used in an incremental rather than a holistic fashion. Problems that are to be treated are first divided into their components and each component is treated separately. Last, behavior therapy is studied and used experimentally, being closely related to learning theory research. Three main approaches in contemporary behavior therapy have been identified (Corsini R. et al, 2008). These are the applied behavior analysis (ABA), the neobehavioristic meditational stimulus-response model, and the social cognitive theory. ABA refers to the application of the principles of learning and motivation from Behavior Analysis (the scientific study of behavior), and the procedures and technology derived from those principles, to the solution of problems of social significance. This approach is based on Skinner’s radical behaviorism. It identifies behaviors that should be extinguished and behaviors that are to be taught. It makes use of reinforcement, punishment, extinction, stimulus control, and other procedures derived from laboratory research (Corsini R. et al, 2008). It is most frequently applied to children with autistic spectrum disorders, but is an effective tool for children with behavioral disorders, multiple disabilities, and severe intellectual handicaps. The neobehavioristic meditational stimulus-response (S-R) model features the applications of the principles of classical conditioning, and it derives from the learning theories of Ivan Pavlov, E. Guthrie, lark Hull, O. Mowrer, and N. Miller (as cited in Corsini et al, 2008). The S-R model has been linked to systematic desensitization and flooding. Systematic desensitization was developed by Joseph Wolpe (1958). It is a therapy for phobias based on counterconditioning -a technique for eliminating a conditioned response that involves pairing a conditioned stimulus with another unconditioned stimulus to condition a new response. If the new response in incompatible with the old response, so that only one response can occur at a time, then the new response can replace the old one. In systematic desensitization, patients visualize fear- evoking stimuli while relaxing, to associate the stimuli with relaxation instead of fear. (Lieberman D. , 2004). Flooding is another psychotherapeutic technique discovered by psychologist Thomas Stampfl (1967) (as cited in Harold, 1990) that is still used in behavior therapy to treat phobias. It works by exposing the individual to painful memories they already have aiming to put together their repressed feelings with their current awareness. Flooding works on the principles of classical conditioning (Lieberman D. , 2004). Social cognitive theory (SCT) refers to learning in terms of interaction between external stimulus response, external reinforcement, and cognitive meditational processes (Corsini et al 2008). Personal and environmental factors do not function as independent determinants; rather, they determine each other. It is mainly through their behavior that individuals produce the environmental conditions that affect their behavior in a mutual way. New experiences are evaluated in relation to the past; prior experiences help to subsequently direct and inform the individual as to how the present should be considered. Behavior therapy has mainly been associated with the era between 1950 and 1960, especially with the theories of I. Pavlov, E. Skinner, J. Wolpe, and A. Bandura (Yates A. , 1975). It is a clinical application of psychology that relies on empirically-validated principles and procedures (Plaud, 2001). Since the first behavior therapy alternatives to the psychoanalysis and other associated therapies were introduced almost 50 ago (Wolpe, 1958), constant improvements in behavior therapy have mostly been supplied by its foundation on conditioning principles and theories (Eifert ; Plaud, 1998). Specifically, behavior therapy relies exclusively on the experimental methodology initiated by I. Pavlov. Clinical applications of Pavlovian onditioning principles began in 1912, when one of Pavlov’s students, was the first to establish the counter-conditioning effect in the laboratory. Studies on anxiety have considerably assisted behavior therapy’s development. According to Wolpe and Plaud (1997), Wolpe’s experimental studies were based on the implications of early Pavlovian experiments by giving emphasis to the importance of t he conditioning procedures. Actually, Wolpe made important contributions to behavioral therapy, such as proposing systematic desensitization and assertiveness training, both of which have become important elements of behavioral therapy. Albert Bandura is usually associated with the development of the social cognitive theory (Corsini et al, 2008). Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory derived from social learning theory. It aims to explain how behavioral principles and norms are learned through an interaction of the individual and his/her environment, mostly through the observing others. Skinner worked on radical behaviorism. He rejected traditional psychology and all the included concepts that referred to what he called mentalism. That meant any concept that revealed a belief in cause and effect relationships between mental activities and learned behavior. In the 1966 edition of his 1928 book, The Behavior of Organisms, Skinner still named the belief that emotions are important factors in behavior a â€Å"mental fiction. † In addition, he thought that it is wrong, or at least not scientific, to consider that people cry because they are sorry or tremble because they are afraid. Behavior therapy developed rapidly. Three â€Å"waves†, that actually are three divisions of the behavior therapy’s development, have been proposed. The first wave focused mainly on altering overt behavior. The second wave focused on the cognitive factors that contribute to behavior. This approach is also known as cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). The â€Å"third wave† of behavior therapy was proposed by Hayes, Hollette, and Linehan (as cited in Corsini et al, 2008). It includes dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). On the whole, DBT claims that some individuals, due to unfavorable environments during childhood and due to unknown biological factors, react abnormally to emotional stimulation. Their level of arousal increases much more rapidly, peaks at a higher level, and takes more time to go back to baseline. DBT is a technique for learning skills that aids to reduce this reaction. DBT applies mindfulness, interpersonal effectiveness, emotion regulation, and distress tolerance skills (Yates A. , 1975). Mindfulness skills include core skills. They are the most difficult skills to accomplish, but when learned, the process of thoughts and emotions occurs in an significantly different manner. Some of the processes included to the mindfulness skill, as listed by Corsini et al (2008), are the following: Observe or attend to emotions without trying to terminate them when painful, describe a thought or emotion, be nonjudgmental, stay in the present, focus on one thing at a time (one-mindfully). Mindfulness skills are applied in later sessions, when the other (three) types of skills on focus. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a quite new type of psychotherapy, found by Steven C. Hayes in the mid 1990s. It is the development and combination of behavioral therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which has mostly been the established therapy for treatment of conditions like depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorders. Acceptance and commitment therapy, like CBT, is based on the philosophy of â€Å"Functional Contextualism†, a modern philosophy of science rooted in philosophical pragmatism and contextualism, suggesting that words and ideas can only be understood within some kind of context and they are therefore often misinterpreted due to the fact that people have individual contexts. An additional therapy that has had an impact on ACT is Relational Frame therapy, a type of behavioral analysis focused on language and learning. ACT is differentiated from CBT since it directly accepts the thought, â€Å"Everybody hates me. † This thought is viewed without passion, and sometimes it is transformed to a phrase like â€Å"I am having the thought that everybody hates me. † Ding so may be repeated until the thought becomes defused. Hayes identifies about 100 defusion techniques in ACT. Previous distracting thoughts are not actively dismisses by the individual going through ACT. This is another distinguishing factor from CBT which intends to reduce distracting and unhelpful thoughts. ACT therapists argue that the process of their therapy is much briefer than CBT, and for that reason it is considered more effective. There is a variety of concepts referring to behavior therapy. Two main categories of those concepts are the learning principles and the personal variables. In classical conditioning, the researcher begins with identifying a reflex response, one that is activated regularly by a specific stimulus (Thorpe et al, 1990). In humans, these reflexes include he eye-blink response to dust or a puff of air in the eye, and the reflex of the knee jerk reflex in response to a hit in the correct point by the researcher’s hammer. Such reflexes appear regularly without any particular guidance, so they are considered to be unlearned or unconditioned. Classical conditioning occurs when a new stimulus acquires the ability to trigger one of these reflex respons es. Operant conditioning makes use of the principles of (positive or negative) reinforcement and (positive/negative) punishment to bring about a desired response. (Lieberman D. 1994). Positive reinforcement is the presentation of something pleasant or rewarding immediately following a behavior, but In Negative Reinforcement a particular behavior is strengthened by the consequence of the stopping or avoiding of a negative condition. Moving to punishment, negative punishment occurs when in an attempt to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future, an operant response is followed by the removal of a desired stimulus, though in positive punishment an operant response is followed by the presentation of an aversive stimulus. Operant conditioning occurs when a consequence eventually becomes expected for a particular behavior. One example would be when a student is rewarded for getting good grades. The positive outcome of their behavior to study and achieve gain those grades is motivated by the anticipation of a positive result in addition to the good grades. In order to teach individuals complex tasks, Skinner proposed a system of successive approximations of operant learning where tasks are broken down into several steps that, when individually learned, summarily progress towards the complex task desired. Extinction refers to the reducing the probability of a response when a characteristic reinforcing stimulus is no longer presented. Discrimination learning is the process by which individuals learn to differentiate their responses to different stimuli. When the opposite occurs, that is when individuals fail to discriminate between different situations ending up with behavior on situations other than that in which it was acquired, generalization takes place (Corsini R. et al, 2008). Personal variables that were proposed by Mischel (1973, as cited in Corsini R. et al, 2008), explain and â€Å"swapping† between individual and situation. They include the individual’s competences to create varied behaviors under appropriate conditions, his/her perception of events and people (including the self), expectancies, subjective values and self-regulatory systems. Behavior therapy is applied for and aims to treat only learned behavioral problems. Sometimes, however, health and learned behavioral problems coexist. Whether the individual being in treatment has a learned behavioral problem alone, or a learned problem which coexists with a learned one has to be determined in the beginning of the process of behavior therapy. Two additional possible situations are either the individual in therapy to have a learned behavior problem as part of a psychosomatic disorder, or to have a medical problem that just appears to have been learned (Yates A. , 1975). Behavioral assessment is vital to behavior therapy. It developed rapidly during the 1970s, after initially being a covered part of behavior therapy in terms of research and professional development (Thorpe G. , et al, 1990). Now, behavior assessment is a rich and diverse subfield of behavior therapy that continues to develop rapidly. In clinical settings, behavior therapy is a method for treating mental health problems. Treatment involves proposing and putting into practice a plan of action that aims to resolve a problem. Deciding on the plan of action depends on the problem formulation so what has to be done in the early sessions of the therapy is the agreement of the therapist and the client on what is wrong and what has to be changed to improve or even eliminate it. Behavior therapy uses a number of assessment methods. In guided imagery the individual is guided in imagining a relaxing scene or series of experiences (Rimm D. t al, 1974). When an individual visualizes an imagined scene reacts as though it were actually occurring; therefore, imagined images can have a great impact on behavior. Role playing is a technique used in behavior therapy to provide partaking and involvement in the learning process (Thorpe G. et al, 1990). It helps the individual (learner) to receive objective feedback about his/her perfor mance. Role playing techniques can be applied to motivate individuals pay more attention to their interpersonal state. One of its most important aspects is that it helps the learner experience a real life situation in a protected setting. Physiological recording, self-monitoring, behavioral observation, and psychological tests and measurements are some more examples of the assessment techniques that can be applied during the behavior therapy (Corsini R. et al, 2008). In general, behavior therapists do not use standardized psychodiagnostic tests and projective tests. They broadly make use of checklists and questionnaires, self-report scales of depression, assertion inventories, etc. These assessment techniques are not sufficient for carrying out a functional analysis of the determinants of a problem, but they are useful in establishing the initial severity of the problem and charting therapeutic efficacy over the course of treatment. In conclusion, the clinical investigations of behavior therapists have significantly improved our understanding of how our behavior is coordinated with external events that occur in our lives; they have created ways of mediating in disturbing interpersonal aspects that were not efficiently treated through other kinds of therapy. Behavior therapy can be applied to treat a full range of psychological disorders. These include anxiety disorders, depression and suicide, sexual dysfunctions, marital problems, eating and weight disorders, addictive disorders, schizophrenia, childhood disorders, phobias, pain management, hypertension, prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, etc. (Thorpe G. et al, 1990). References Corsini R, Wedding D. (2008). Current Psychotherapies. New York: Thomson Brooks/Cole. Eifert, G. , Plaud, J. (1998). From behavior theory to behavior therapy (pp. 1-14). Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon. Erwin E. (1978). Behavior Therapy: Scientific, Philosophical, Moral Foundations. New York: Cambridge University Press. Harold (1990). Handbook of Social and Evaluation Anxiety. New York: Plenum Press. Lieberman D. (2004). Learning and Memory: an integrative approach. United states: Thomson Wadsworth. Plaud, J. (2001). Clinical science and human behavior. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57, 1089-1102. Rimm D. , Masters J. (1974). Behavior Therapy: Techniques and Empirical Findings. New York: Academic press. Thorpe G. , Olson S. 1990). Behavior Therapy: Concepts, Procedures and Applications. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Wachtel P. , (1997). Psychoanalysis, Behavior Therapy, and the Relational World. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. Wolpe, J. , Plaud, J. (1997). Pavlov’s contributions to behavior therapy: The obvious and the not so obvious. American Psychologist, 52, 966-972. Wolpe, Joseph. 1958. Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Yates A. , 1975). Theory and Practice in Behavior Therapy. New York: John Wiley Sons. How to cite Behavior Therapy: Basic Concepts, Assessment Methods, and Applications, Papers

Ar 670-1 and Why Its Important free essay sample

The proponent of this regulation is the Deputy Chief of Staff, G-1. The proponent has the authority to approve exceptions or waivers to this regulation that are consistent with controlling law and regulations. The proponent may delegate this approval authority, in writing, to a division chief within the proponent agency or its direct reporting unit or field operating agency, in the grade of colonel or the civilian equivalent. Activities may request a waiver to this regulation to this regulation by providing justification that includes a full analysis of the expected benefits and must include formal review by the activity’s senior legal officer. All waiver requests will be endorsed by the commander or senior leader of the requesting activity and forwarded through their higher headquarters to the policy proponent. Refer to AR 25-30 for specific guidance. As stated there in the beginning of the 670-1 there is only a few people that actually have the power to change or alter the uniform. We will write a custom essay sample on Ar 670-1 and Why Its Important or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So the big things looked for in uniform discrepancies is lopsided rank or badges, gaps in the badges to the army patch. And all ribbons are in order. We have these rules to keep the public view and the universal view of our army as professional and not a group of missfits. A sense of pride should be in every soldier as to how they where there uniform which today soldiers tend to wear the uniform however they please with no corrections or actions taken by those appointed over them. Now this is not only a problem in leadership but in the individual soldier. Todays army problems are starting from the very basics as wearing uniform wrong respect of senior nco and officers. Wich later on down the road affects the soldier down the road on deployment or in their own time when the reach senior position so then younger soldiers see the seniors doing it and the cycle continues and the all round army falters in discipline and function.